Jammu & Kashmir lies within one of the most ecologically sensitive regions of the world. It is already grappling with the impacts of:

• Glacial retreat in the upper Himalayas.
• Increasing frequency of extreme weather events (e.g., floods, landslides, hailstorms, changing weather patterns).
• Accelerated urban sprawl in towns like Srinagar, Jammu, Anantnag, and Baramulla and all other areas.

The construction of high buildings is going on unabated and this unregulated construction using energy-intensive materials, poor insulation, and reliance on fossil fuels for heating not only increases emissions but also places unsustainable pressure on local ecosystems. Green buildings offer a much-needed shift toward resilience and sustainability in this context.

In India the Govt has initiated many regulatory frameworks which are in place and provide a basis for green building construction and model. India’s Green Building Code is a combination of codes, standards, and rating systems which can be described as:

• National Building Code (NBC): This is a system which offers guidelines for energy-efficient design.
• Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC):This regulation sets minimum energy standards for commercial buildings.
• Indian Green Building Council (IGBC): This council provides residential green building standards.
• LEED-India and TERI-GRIHA: This is a rating system which promotes sustainability.
• Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE): This Bureau is of huge significance and leads national energy efficiency initiatives and ECBC implementation.

These frameworks are collectively designed to reduce energy use, promote renewable energy, encourage efficient resource use, and minimize construction waste.

For Jammu & Kashmir, these provisions are crucial due to the region’s cold climate zones, where buildings often require heating for six or more months. ECBC compliant designs can drastically cut the use of firewood and fossil fuels for heating, reducing indoor air pollution and deforestation in hilly areas.

Since the Primary stakeholders for any implementation of sustainability framework are the urban local bodies, municipal committees, local builders, engineers, developers and electricity distribution agencies, we need to lay emphasis on these implementing agencies and train the staff and planners for such action.

In all this framework scenario, we face challenges in J&K as there is an absolute lack of awareness and technical capacity among local builders and engineers. The J&K has not gone for specific amendments to the ECBC reflecting the cold-climate requirements. There are insufficient incentives for green construction and there is a weak enforcement mechanism at the municipal and panchayat level.

As a matter of fact we cannot remain mute spectators to the changing ecosystem amid poor implementation procedure. We need to address these by holding capacity-building workshops, local adaptation of ECBC, and pilot green building projects in towns like Kulgam, Kupwara, and Pulwama which can serve as models for sustainable development.

Green architecture goes beyond energy codes. It embodies the principle that construction should enhance, not deplete, the environment.

Green buildings in Kashmir can:

• Utilize locally available materials (like timber, stone, mud bricks) responsibly.
• Incorporate sloped roofs, solar orientation, and natural ventilation suited for hilly terrain.
• Include rainwater harvesting, grey water reuse, and earth berming for thermal insulation.
• Integrate rooftop solar and ground source heat pumps for renewable energy.

Additionally, traditional Kashmiri homes with khatamband ceilings, wood paneling, and verandahs can inspire modern green designs, preserving cultural identity while improving energy efficiency.

Globally, urbanization is surging. According to the UN, the world population will rise to 9.7 billion by 2050, and nearly 70% will live in cities. In India, more than 50% of 2030’s building stock is yet to be built. In J&K, urban centers are expanding rapidly often at the cost of wetlands, orchards, agriculture and horticulture land mass and forests. The present rate of urbanization has already contributed lot of carbon emissions and this CO₂ levels have reached record highs (412.5 ppm in 2020) . In this scenario buildings contribute to 40% of global energy-related CO₂ emissions. Transitioning to green construction is no longer optional but is a necessity now.

Now to say the least there are many benefits of Green Buildings for Kashmir:

1. Reduced Energy Bills: High-efficiency insulation and passive solar heating reduce electricity and firewood use in winters and therefore reduced electricity bill.
2. Job Creation: New opportunities in green construction, materials supply, and clean energy shall be created and job market will get a boost.
3. Improved Livability: The life span will be increased and it will lead to healthier indoor air, better thermal comfort, and less urban heat stress which will help the people in better quality of life particularly the women who suffer from indoor pollution the most .
4. Climate Adaptation: Such construction activity and the subsequent building can withstand temperature extremes, floods, and seismic activity.
5. Cultural Integration: We can remodel the construction activity and such modern constructions can be integrated with traditional Kashmiri aesthetics sustainably.

Call to Action: What Needs to Be Done

1. State-Level ECBC Notification: J&K needs to officially adopt and customize ECBC for local conditions. In absence of such an notification ,it meant that J&K is missing out on potential energy savings and benefits that would come with stricter building codes for commercial
2. Training and Certification: This training for architects, engineers, contractors, and municipal staff is required to be imparted immediately.
3. Incentives: Such incentives need to be widely popularized as green certified projects can avail tax rebates, low-interest loans, and fast-track permits..
4. Public Awareness Campaigns: This will make a greater impact and is important part of the campaign by highlighting benefits to citizens and builders.
5. Green Building Mandate for Government Projects: All government constructions Including schools, hospitals, and offices should plan green certified projects which will attract huge funding from national and international agencies.

In conclusion, the environmental fragility of Jammu & Kashmir and its developmental aspirations demand a new paradigm of construction which respects its unique geography, addresses climate vulnerabilities, and promotes sustainability. Green buildings, backed by ECBC and other national frameworks, offer a practical, economically viable, and ecologically sound path forward.

The time for pilot projects, awareness, and capacity-building is now. If embraced sincerely, green building practices can help Kashmir lead India’s sustainable development movement from the frontlines of the Himalayas..

Green buildings are no longer an option, they are a necessity. By embracing the Green Building Code and adopting green architecture principles, Jammu and Kashmir can lead the way toward a resilient, inclusive, and sustainable urban future.

The author is a climate change consultant.

The post Ramban Disaster and Green Building for Sustainability appeared first on Greater Kashmir.

Now in complete disarray lies the tourism sector of what was Kashmir’s economy’s beating heart. In the once busy streets, silence does echo, Dal Lake shikaras do lie still, and the hotels are now locked. Livelihoods, along with lives, were claimed during the Pahalgam incident. Thousands of Kashmiris depended upon tourism for their livelihoods. They became unemployed suddenly. Nobody has been spared from the ripple effect.

Children who did once dream of much brighter futures now sit helplessly at home as they watch their parents battle to provide even just a single meal. I have met men now lining up for charity food packets who once proudly led treks in the Himalayas. Women sold all of their jewellery just to buy books for all of their children. And what about those people who dared to build small businesses by taking loans from the banks? Debt overwhelms them, also dust is all that remains of their dreams.

This represents a humanitarian crisis not only an economic one. The crisis is about what dignity is?

What was the ordinary Kashmiri’s fault? Why does a political issue occur each time? The average person cannot possibly control the matter. It is the Kashmiri people who are made to pay the price? Why do innocent families have to suffer for the failures and ambitions of those in power?

There is a cruel irony in calling Kashmir a “paradise.” Beauty, hope, with peace, should be a paradise’s place. For us, paradise has become a prison, though. The birds are not going to be allowed to sing in a cage. That is a cage that nevertheless is beautiful. Hope is a luxury fading where life is lived in fear. If this is what they call paradise, I would never wish it upon anyone.

The world is watching Kashmir in a silent way. Headlines do flash in all of the media for just a day or two. Leaders express their concerns. Then they move on. We still remain here in the fallout. We must gather pieces of lives we did not break.

We are still expected to have to smile then. The warmth now welcomes all of the tourists. We feign that everything is okay now. But inside when we are bleeding, how can we? The raw painful truth about what it means to live in Kashmir today is what the world should hear instead of the political version or packaged tourist fantasy. People can be seen as more than only statistics. Headlines are not all that we truly are. We are human beings. Silence exists beyond our deserts. Hearing we deserve.

Let this article be as not another forgotten page. A story about loss, resilience, and humanity gasping for air should remind us that behind every closed shop, empty houseboat, and tear streaked face, there is a story in a paradise that’s slowly suffocating.

We don’t want sympathy. We want justice. We want peace. We want a life for which we do not need to explain all of our pain.

The post Paradise lost again appeared first on Greater Kashmir.

This ambitious and challenging project, which traverses the rugged terrain of the region, bridges long-standing geographical and cultural divides, and connects Kashmir to the railway grid. The journey to completion has been nothing short of a triumph of resilience and innovation, overcoming formidable obstacles such as treacherous topography, seismic instability, and extreme weather conditions.

Among its remarkable achievements is the world’s tallest railway bridge spanning the Chenab River and the 11.21-km Pir Panjal Tunnel, the longest railway tunnel in India, both of which stand as monumental feats of modern engineering.

The successful completion of this project is a testament to the dedication and expertise of the successive governments, planners, designers, engineers, and contractors involved, all of whom deserve high praise for bringing this extraordinary vision to life.

The journey to establish a railway in Kashmir began in the late 19th century, during the reign of Maharaja Pratap Singh, who ruled Jammu and Kashmir from 1885 to 1925.

A visionary ahead of his time, the Maharaja recognized the transformative potential of railways for the region and initiated the extension of the North Western Railways from Suchetgarh in Sialkot to Jammu. Work on the project began in October 1888, and it was opened to traffic on 13^th March 1890. This was a pivotal first step in modernizing Kashmir’s transportation infrastructure.

Maharaja Pratap Singh, driven by his forward-thinking vision, took a significant step in 1898 by initiating a survey for a direct railway connection between Jammu and Srinagar, proposing three different routes to create a vital link between the two provinces. However, this ambitious proposal met resistance from the British Government, which recommended an alternative route via Rawalpindi along the River Jehlum. This plan, though practical, did not align with the Maharaja’s progressive goal of directly connecting Kashmir and Jammu.

In 1905, after further discussions and with the Maharaja’s consent, the British Government revived the railway proposal, focusing on a route between Rawalpindi and Srinagar. This plan also incorporated a connection from Jammu to Srinagar through Reasi via the Mughal Road. A key feature of this railway was its use of hydro-electric power, harnessed from the region’s mountain streams.

Although Maharaja Pratap Singh did not live to see his ambitious railway project come to fruition, his vision and efforts played a pivotal role in shaping the future of the region’s transportation infrastructure. He will therefore be remembered as a key architect of Kashmir’s rail network, whose vision inspired future efforts to modernize the region’s connectivity.

Following the partition of India in 1947, the Jammu-Sialkot railway link was severed when Sialkot became part of Pakistan, leaving Jammu and Kashmir disconnected from the Indian railway network. In response to this setback, the Government of India announced plans to extend the railway network to the state via Pathankote, also suggesting its further extension to Srinagar.

In this regard, the construction of the 44 km Jalandhar-Mukerian to Pathankote line began in November 1949 and was completed in April 1952. However, the crucial Pathankote to Jammu line, which would link Jammu to the Indian railway network, faced delays. It wasn’t until December 1972 that the Pathankote to Jammu line was finally completed, marking a significant milestone in the project, though it was not without its challenges.

In 1983, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi announced a new railway link between Jammu and Udhampur, offering hope to the people of Kashmir for better connectivity. However, the project was abandoned shortly thereafter due to logistical and political difficulties, leaving the region without further advancements in railway infrastructure for many years.

The next major push came in 1994 under Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao’s government, when Railway Minister C.K. Jaffer Sharief proposed a railway network that would connect Qazigund to Baramulla via Srinagar. This marked a significant shift, as it sought to create an intra-Kashmir rail network that would directly serve the people of the province. However, the project faced severe challenges due to the region’s difficult terrain and ongoing security concerns, which significantly slowed its progress.

In 2002, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee breathed new life into the Kashmir rail project by declaring it a “National Project,” with the central government committing to bear the entire cost of construction. This designation was seen as an indication of India’s commitment to integrating Kashmir more fully into the national transportation network. Vajpayee also set an ambitious deadline of August 15, 2007, for the completion of the project. However, the timeline was not met owing to various reasons.

The JUSBRL was divided into four key segments for design and construction viz. Jammu-Udhampur, Udhampur-Katra, Katra-Qazigund, and Qazigund-Baramulla.

The first phase of the project, 53 km Jammu- Udhampur, was inaugurated on 13^th of April 2005 by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, 22 years after its foundation stone was laid in 1983.

The 119-kilometer Qazigund–Baramulla section was completed in phases. The first stretch, a 66 km segment from Mazhom to Anantnag, was inaugurated on October 11, 2008, by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. This was followed by the 35 km Mazhom–Baramulla stretch, inaugurated by UPA Chairperson Sonia Gandhi on February 14, 2009, and the 18 km Anantnag–Qazigund stretch, inaugurated by Prime Minister Singh on October 28, 2009. On June 26, 2013, he also inaugurated the 18-kilometer Banihal–Qazigund section, which includes  11.21-kilometer tunnel.

On 4^th July, 2014, the 25 km Udhampur–Katra railway section was completed after missing several deadlines. The section was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who, on the occasion, declared that the Centre wanted to win the hearts of the prople of Jammu and Kashmir through development. While reiterating the importance of the railway for economic development and national integration, the Prime Minister admitted that the state had gone through many “problems and difficulties” and the country wanted it to be “prosperous and peaceful”.

The final 148 km segment of the project, linking Banihal to Katra, has now been successfully completed and is scheduled for inauguration on January 26, 2025. This section is regarded as the most challenging and complex part of the project, featuring numerous bridges, viaducts, tunnels, and over 300 km of access roads. This vital stretch marks the completion of the Kashmir region’s connection to the national railway network, fulfilling a long-awaited goal of seamless connectivity for the valley.

While the people of Kashmir were filled with excitement and eagerly waiting for the day, the recent proposal to make Katra the terminal point has introduced cracks in their collective joy, leaving it fragile and incomplete. The plan to designate Katra as the terminus for the Kashmir Valley railway network, requiring passengers to switch trains at Katra before continuing to or from Srinagar, has sparked significant concerns.

The justification for the proposal, based on addressing logistical and security challenges, is increasingly being questioned. This has sparked strong opposition from Kashmiris, local businesses, and travelers, dampening the initial enthusiasm.

For Kashmiris, who have long awaited seamless railway connectivity, the need to change trains at Katra feels like a significant inconvenience. Forcing a change of trains could also be interpreted as a denial of their rightful access to equal transportation facilities. Many view it as a missed opportunity for inclusivity, leading to feelings of being overlooked and fostering a sense of unequal treatment.

Additionally, the increase in travel time and transportation costs could harm the local economy, particularly in sectors like MSMEs and horticulture. A break in continuity at Katra could increase logistical costs, time delays, and the complexity of transporting perishable items, thereby hindering trade.

Tourism, a critical part of Kashmir’s economy, may suffer as potential visitors might find the additional inconvenience of changing trains at Katra off-putting.

Changing trains at Katra will add unnecessary delays, discomfort, and complications for passengers, particularly families, the elderly, the children and those traveling with heavy luggage. This decision diminishes the convenience and efficiency that modern railway services aim to provide, making train travel less attractive for long-distance Kashmiri travelers.

To address these concerns, both the central and Jammu & Kashmir governments must recognize the importance of direct connectivity between Jammu and Srinagar. Allowing trains from Kashmir to travel directly to other parts of India would ensure that the people of the valley enjoy the same privileges as those in other regions. Making Kashmir an integral part of India’s transportation network would send a powerful message of inclusivity and unity. Additionally, establishing direct freight services would support local businesses, reduce costs for traders, and promote economic integration with the rest of the country. It is crucial to avoid decisions that may be perceived as discriminatory, instead prioritizing the sentiments and aspirations of the Kashmiri people to build trust and foster goodwill.

Syed Shakeel Qalander is a social activist and business leader

The post From Vision to Tracks appeared first on Greater Kashmir.

The forces reshaping the workforce

The driving forces behind this transformation are multifaceted. The Fourth Industrial Revolution, characterized by breakthroughs in AI, robotics, and the Internet of Things (IoT), is reshaping industries at an unprecedented pace. Routine tasks are increasingly being automated, while new roles in fields like data science, renewable energy, and biotechnology are emerging. At the same time, demographic shifts are altering labor markets worldwide. Developed nations are grappling with aging populations, while India, with a median age of just 28 by 2030, boasts one of the youngest workforces globally. This demographic dividend could position India as a global talent hub—provided its youth are equipped with the right skills.

Global challenges such as climate change, economic inequality, and geopolitical instability are also influencing the future of work. The push for sustainability is driving demand for green jobs in renewable energy, waste management, and environmental conservation. Meanwhile, the rise of remote work and digital platforms is breaking down geographical barriers, enabling Indian workers to participate in the global economy like never before. These trends underscore the need for a workforce that is not only technically proficient but also adaptable and resilient.

The skills that will define success

To succeed in this rapidly changing landscape, workers will need a diverse skill set. Technical skills such as data literacy, coding, and digital fluency will be essential. The ability to analyze and interpret data will become as fundamental as reading and writing, while familiarity with emerging technologies like AI, blockchain, and augmented reality will be critical. Equally important are cognitive skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity. In a world where automation handles routine tasks, the ability to navigate complex challenges and think innovatively will set workers apart.

Interpersonal skills will also play a crucial role in the workforce of 2030. Emotional intelligence, empathy, and cross-cultural collaboration will be key to building strong, diverse teams in an increasingly globalized and remote work environment. Leadership will require the ability to inspire and guide teams through rapid change, while adaptability and a commitment to lifelong learning will be essential for staying relevant in a constantly evolving job market.

India’s unique opportunity

India is uniquely positioned to lead in this new era. With its young population and strong foundation in technology, the country has the potential to become a global talent hub. However, realizing this potential will require strategic investments in education, skilling, and policy reforms. Initiatives like the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which emphasizes digital literacy and vocational training, are steps in the right direction. India’s success in IT and software services provides a strong foundation for leading in AI, data analytics, and cybersecurity, while its commitment to renewable energy positions it as a leader in green jobs and sustainable technologies.

Despite its potential, India faces significant challenges. The urban-rural divide in access to education and technology remains a pressing issue, as does gender inequality in the workforce. Addressing these challenges will require systemic reforms and a concerted effort from government, industry, and educational institutions. Public-private partnerships can play a key role in driving innovation and skill development, while policies that support workforce transitions, such as subsidies for retraining programs, will be essential.

The path forward

The workforce of 2030 will demand a blend of technical, cognitive, and interpersonal skills, with adaptability at its core. For India, this transformation represents a unique opportunity to leverage its demographic dividend and technological prowess. However, realizing this potential will require decisive action—investing in education, reskilling, and policies that promote inclusivity and innovation. By embracing lifelong learning and fostering collaboration between government, industry, and educational institutions, India can prepare its workforce for the future and set an example for the world. The time to act is now, for the future of work is not just about surviving change—it’s about thriving in it.

Building a resilient workforce

The future of work is not a distant reality—it is unfolding before our eyes. As industries evolve and new challenges emerge, the need for a skilled, adaptable, and inclusive workforce has never been greater. For India, the path forward is clear: invest in education, bridge the urban-rural divide, and empower its youth with the tools they need to succeed. By doing so, India can not only secure its place as a global leader but also inspire other nations to follow suit. The future is bright, but only if we act today.

Arhan Bagati is a distinguished Kashmiri Pandit and a prominent figure in social work and public policy, focusing on the development of Jammu & Kashmir. He has a notable academic background, with studies at Pomona College, the University of Cambridge, and currently at Harvard, pursuing a Master’s in Public Policy. Arhan’s leadership extends beyond academia, particularly through his role as the Awareness and Impact Ambassador for the Paralympic Committee of India, and as the founder of KYARI, which addresses critical issues in Kashmir, from education to sustainable development.

The post The skills of the future appeared first on Greater Kashmir.

Even if we allow for the view that SNS is known for these kinds of detours and doesn’t really mean it, there are larger issues that come to the spotlight on what CEOs in India can get away with. The cases that come to light now and then offer but a tiny peek into a lot more that is wrong at India Inc. This is not how the strength of “India’s Yuva Shakti will make India a developed nation”, to quote the Prime Minister Narendra Modi speaking just this weekend at the ‘Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue 2025’. These CEOs may want the political leadership to think they are singing the tune of the day but it’s in the interest of the political leadership to be wary of such pretence. The disdain for Murthy and now SNS among employees and in general Gen Z is to be heard and seen (who will measure this important variable?) to be believed.

To the other issues that must be discussed so that all CXOs, not just SNS, are appropriately held to account and where required restrained by strong regulatory measures.

Consider that SNS was paid a total remuneration of Rs.51.05 crore for FY 2023-24, which is 534.57 times the median remuneration at L&T. It represents growth of 43.11% over what was paid to him last year.  The remuneration is the highest of all employees, some 40% higher than the second highest paid employee at L&T, who is the President & CFO R. Shankar Raman. How are employees who on average get one-five-hundredth of this meant to react to the comments of SNS?

In this context, the first issue on the agenda for a “developed” India should be to put a ceiling on the amount that CXOs pay themselves, never mind the guardrails or formalities that they don’t decide their salaries and that the Board does. In the Indian context, these formalities have not worked well enough, partly because our company Boards in themselves are often pliant and work as birds of a feather flocking together, a chosen few keeping themselves in the seat. Note that in the developed economy of Denmark, the home country of the L & T founders, the late Henning Holck-Larsen and Soren Toubro, the variable remuneration of executive directors comprises on average 37% of the fixed, according to a Deloitte report. In the case of the L&T CMD, it is 980% (salary of Rs. 3.6 crore, commission of Rs. 35.28 crore, as reported by L&T for 2024). Without grudging these packages, can it be fairly claimed that the performance of the group (the basis on which commission is usually calculated) is because of the leadership being provided? And how does L&T calculate the losses on account of SNS’s remarks, given that many talented candidates will now think twice about joining the company.

The next significant question that comes up is the complete absence of dissent in India’s corporates. The language of sustainability, the appeal to innovativeness and the claim of DEI (Diversity, Equity and Inclusion) policies all ring hollow when it becomes clear that no one in Indian corporations, including in the biggest and the so-called best, challenges the boss. Why? The simple answer is that questions are not asked because questions are not encouraged, building a culture where hierarchy rules, the boss is to be always deemed right, and creativity almost by definition cannot thrive. The inner collapse of L&T is seen from the fact that no one challenged SNS in the undated video that has now become the cause of his misery. The problem is not that the video leaked. The problem is that SNS was not asked how he could even make such a statement. He got away for the moment, as our CEOs often do, only for the world outside to pull him down.

For India to harness the power and thinking of a new generation of leaders, the older lot will have to learn to live with more questions, with less judgement and some deeper realisation that they are not quite as extraordinary as they may imagine themselves to be. Since there is no evidence that is likely to happen anytime soon, the Indian establishment must act with a new set of regulations to bring the house to order.

(The writer is the Managing Editor of The Billion Press) (Syndicate: The Billion Press)

The post Workers make it, CEOs take it appeared first on Greater Kashmir.

His mother meticulously packed his lunch, water bottle and some spare clothes. No sooner he heard the horn, he holed up himself behind his grandma. He was unwilling to leave the warmth of her lap. However, he had no other choice but to board the crèche van with other toddlers.

Standing feeble on the back seat of the van, he innocently watched the agile humankind around him. He was unable to comprehend the purpose of his arrival in the world of light. Rather, he pined for the darkness of womb, where he rejoiced his nine long months stay.

Now, he would often hear his father saying to his mother-“This is the crucial year for preparing our son to face the interview for securing kindergarten admission in any of the leading schools.” The little soul was wandering whether he shall start by uttering Baba or shall he mumble Baa Baa black sheep… the rhyme he learned in crèche.

He was in his formative age—the time to be moulded softly. He was mulling over the dilemma of either learning the moral lessons of life from his grandparents in his mother-tongue or struggle mugging up ABC and 123 in order to conquer the ‘competition’ he was saddled with from day one. Of course, it was the time for him to learn the diverse aspects of life and get his personality shaped. Perhaps, overbearing but concerned parents knew the wicked reality of the world waiting him outside—the one that thrived on worst kind of manipulation, treachery and fraud, and where high merit was vital to remain in race if one does not possess skill or knack of monkey business. The outer world was really brutal and bad.

So, he was fashioned into a ‘proficient competitor’ with doses of stress and strain layered over him. In this pursuit, his guardians somehow forgot to pass on to him the true beauty of life and the actual demeanour of his being. While worrying about what he will become tomorrow, they forgot that he is someone today. The tenderness of his soul was overlooked.

Crucial years gradually approached. He proved to be a submissive son, worked hard as it was ordained and never let his parents down. In the process of ‘burning the midnight oil’, his kiddish pranks and penchant also got seared. The child in him was lost. His childhood turned lifeless. He liked watching animated movies endlessly, but he was softly stopped for squandering his precious time.  He was fond of reading comics and fairy tales, but he was gently made to give it up. The do’s and don’ts were his live companions. He was told that his board exams were significant for him and he need to spend most of his time in studying. There was a strange and unseen pressure mounting on him. He was unable to express the uncanny unease that was slowly but surely depressing him. Yet, he concentrated on his studies and appeared in class 10^th exam.

In the family and friend circle, he was considered as the most hard working, exceptionally intelligent and genuinely decent boy who breathed in his world of books. Pointing him as a role-model, lot of his relatives desired their children to be like him, seldom knowing that he was fashioned only to be the ‘victorious entrant’ into the stunning cutthroat world, oblivious of the basic veracity of his survival.

The 10^th class results were declared. He had secured more than ninety percent marks, but had lagged behind the three toppers with just a margin of few marks. The congratulations poured in from all relatives and acquaintances. However, the mood in the family was damp. His parents were not happy. “It is a downslide. You were the first position holder all through your school; your brilliant performance so far has petered out. Anyway, the coming two years are now most crucial for your career. Start preparing to prove your mettle,” said the disappointed father.

Some months passed. His parents had unwittingly left coercing him for his extensive studies. As usual, he used to remain indoors and study in his room. One evening, when he was having his dinner with the family, his father casually inquired about his studies—private tuitions, school classes, books, computer et al. He gave a brief convincing answer to everything and went to sleep.

Next morning, it took him unusually much time to come down for the breakfast. His mother went to see him, only to find him literally lifeless in his tidy room.

The crucial year had finally come, and taken him far away. Forever. The little teen didn’t grow up freely to be a caring friend of his Mom and Dad. He left eternally, making them painfully understand what life is all about while they had vainly tried to tutor him all about life.

The post Price of Pressure appeared first on Greater Kashmir.

With the global and regional geopolitical fabric in flux, emerging partnerships between India and Afghanistan, as well as Pakistan and Bangladesh, are reshaping the power balance of South Asia.

These developments in SAARC, which continue to remain obsolete under the influence of the India-Pakistan rivalry, highlight the growing complexities as external powers like China, the United States and even countries within South Asia and West Asia are observing the shifting sand and changing political tectonic plates with much interest.

However, the big question remains whether these redefining and changing relationships among key South Asian countries will shape relationships with other global powers that matter.

One thing is clear: the changes are going to introduce fresh undercurrents and challenges into the region’s long-standing rivalries. They may bring some fresh blood to the functioning of the defunct SAARC. The ripple effects are likely to be felt well into 2025 and beyond.

India and Afghanistan – A Strategic Realignment

Since the Taliban’s return to power in Afghanistan in 2021, India has engaged with the regime in ways that would have seemed unlikely five years ago. India’s engagement with Afghanistan under the Taliban regime marks one of the most unexpected shifts in South Asia’s geopolitical narrative. Historically, the Taliban has been closely aligned with Pakistan, which supported its rise to power during Afghanistan’s turbulent past. However, the equation has altered significantly since the Taliban’s 2.0 return to power in 2021.

One cannot forget the way India was treated in Afghanistan when its passenger plane was hijacked in December 1999 and landed in Kandahar. During those years of conflict, the Taliban relied heavily on Pakistan for support, and their attacks on Indian positions and interests, such as the 2009 bombing of the Indian Embassy in Kabul, remain fresh in memory.

It was difficult for the Indians to travel to the country. However, the end of the U.S. war in Afghanistan has diminished Pakistan’s leverage over the Taliban. Tensions between Islamabad and Kabul over anti-Pakistan militants and cross-border clashes on the Durand Line have brought mistrust between Pakistan and Afghanistan leadership. The space available has opened the door for India to recalibrate its approach.

India has partially reopened its embassy in Kabul and initiated diplomatic engagements with Taliban leaders. High-level meetings, such as the January 8 dialogue in Doha between Indian Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri and Afghan Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi, reflect a calculated strategy by New Delhi. India’s goals are clear: to ensure Afghan soil is not used to threaten its security and to strengthen trade and connectivity links to and through Iran and Central Asia. This strategic realignment demonstrates India’s ability to adapt its foreign policy to new realities, even with adversarial regimes.

Bangladesh and Pakistan: Old Enemies, New Friends

One is surprised to see Bangladesh’s warming ties with Pakistan. Given the historical rivalry and animosity stemming from the 1971 Liberation War of Bangladesh, one could not have believed the developing cosy relationship between the two countries. In fact, under the interim leadership of Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus, one can see a surge of anti-India sentiment in Bangladesh. For instance, the release of members of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, lifting the ban on its activities and easing legal pressures on former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia and her political party have signalled a pivot in Dhaka’s foreign policy.

After Sheikh Hasina left Bangladesh to take refuge in India, Dhaka showed signs of drifting away from India, its traditional ally. Yunus’s government has loosened visa rules for Pakistanis, resumed Pakistani cargo ship docking, and engaged in high-level meetings with Pakistani officials, including a significant encounter with Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif at the D-8 summit in Cairo on December 19, 2024.

Lieutenant General S M Kamr-ul-Hassan, Principal Staff Officer of Bangladesh’s Armed Forces Division and second in military command has become the first high-ranking Bangladeshi general to visit Islamabad in years.

Lt-Gen Hassan, accompanied by senior Bangladesh army officials, is making the visit amid evolving relations between Bangladesh and Pakistan. The visit signals a potential shift in the dynamic between the two nations, highlighting renewed diplomatic and military engagement after years of strained ties. It should alert India.

Even though this rapprochement for many political observers is seen as temporary and false, that helps a section of the society who have always remained pro-Pakistan in Bangladesh and ant-liberation war. Sheikh Hasina’s tenure as Bangladeshi Prime Minister in the last ten years has ensured a strong India-Bangladesh partnership, resolved border disputes, and fostered economic ties.

This present shift has practical implications for regional security as one believes that Bangladesh’s instability may lead the intelligence agencies of other countries to solidify their positions, more so of Pakistan and China, who continue to increase their foothold in the country.

Another development, the commutation of the Assam separatist group, ULFA chief’s life sentence in Bangladesh, has raised concerns in India about renewed insurgent activity in its northeastern states.

In all these shifting sands, India continues to maintain a “wait and watch” approach; it remains cautious about the potential resurgence of cross-border terrorism and narco smuggling or terrorism and the impact on trade and water-sharing agreements. India so far has opted for restraint in its response to Bangladesh’s shifting stance, banking on the inevitability of economic and geographic realities.

For example, Bangladesh’s textile industry, heavily reliant on Indian transportation, energy and partially raw materials, faces challenges due to ongoing political turmoil. India’s political analysts believe that it is just a question of time as practical considerations, such as trade dependencies and shared challenges like natural disasters, will eventually draw Bangladesh back into closer alignment with New Delhi.

Not far off example is that of Maldives. India’s patience and willingness not to put any direct sanctions or limitations on it helped India regain its position and relationship with the Maldives.

India’s broader regional strategy in South Asia emphasizes development assistance and infrastructural investments, with over $33 billion allocated to South Asia in the last decade.

This stands, however, in stark contrast to China’s $840 billion Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) investments. However, China’s investments have often been criticised for creating debt dependencies. At the same time, India’s approach has focused on cultural, historical, and emotional similarities and links, sustainable development, and local partnerships, highlighting its long-term vision for regional stability.

India-Pakistan Rivalry and Caveat

The evolving alliances in South Asia cannot be divorced from the overarching India-Pakistan rivalry. The caveat here is that both nations will keep trying to vie to regain influence in Afghanistan and Bangladesh, their old friends, respectively. Pakistan’s engagement with Bangladesh provides Islamabad with a strategic advantage near India’s northeastern borders. India should remain worried on this front.

Similarly, Pakistan will continue to regain influence with the Taliban on religion and past history, even though India’s outreach to the Taliban reflects its determination to counter Pakistan’s influence in Afghanistan to misuse their land for terrorist activities. These moves, while significant, will continue enduring India-Pakistan competition in South Asia’s geopolitics.

China’s Watchful Eye

One should also not ignore China’s presence in South Asia, even though it is not a part of South Asia. China’s proxy presence in India’s neighbouring countries must be closely monitored so that third countries do not take advantage of the shifting alliances in South Asia.

China’s decades old “string of pearls” strategy aims at encircling India through economic and military partnerships. China attempts to increase its foothold and shape its business with countries like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and the Maldives. China’s presence in the Indian Ocean through these countries has always worried India and other developed countries in the Indo-Pacific region. China’s Belt and Road Initiatives in the name of infrastructure projects and financial incentives have deepened its influence in the respective South Asian countries, often at the expense of India’s traditional dominance.

However, China’s aggressive tactics, including debt-trap diplomacy, have led to pushback in some quarters. The latest two examples are of Sri Lanka and Maldives, now taking a cautious step forward. Both Maldives and Sri Lanka, heavily indebted to China, have begun seeking alternatives to reduce their financial vulnerabilities.

Meanwhile, India reaches these countries with a development-centric approach or acts as a first responder in times of crisis or emergencies. For example, India provided aid during the COVID-19 pandemic and support at the time of natural disasters. It has helped India bolster its image as a reliable partner in times of need, in contrast to China’s transactional approach. India supported Sri Lanka in its ongoing economic recovery during the crisis.

2025 and Road Ahead

As 2025 unfolds, South Asia is poised for further transformations. There will be several key factors that will shape the region’s future.

Elections in Bangladesh and Pakistan in 2025 could redefine their foreign policies. Chances are that if pro-Pakistan forces gain power in Dhaka, as one can see in the preparation for allowing the Bangladesh National Party to participate in elections, India may face increased challenges in managing its northeastern border.

Meanwhile, if Pakistan elections happen in 2025, a more pragmatic leadership victory could open doors for renewed trade and dialogue with India.

Bangladesh’s mature leadership and diaspora understand its reliance on India for trade and infrastructure. With India’s patience and wait-and-watch policy, chances are that the relationship between India and Bangladesh may be regained.

Regional Cooperation: Organizations like SAARC, often hamstrung by India-Pakistan tensions, have the potential to facilitate collaborative solutions to shared challenges such as climate change, disaster management, and regional connectivity. Revitalising these platforms will require concerted efforts from all member states.

The India-China competition will continue to influence South Asia’s geopolitics. India’s focus on strengthening its strategic partnerships with countries like Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and the Maldives will be crucial in countering China’s expanding footprint. Will China be able to sustain and increase its BRI investments in South Asia when global economic uncertainties continue, remains a debatable question.

The year 2025 looks like an active and promising one for South Asia. As the region navigates a complex web of alliances, rivalries, and external influences, India’s strategic patience and development-focused approach will be tested against Pakistan and China’s relentless pursuit of influence in the region.

The post South Asia’s Shifting Landscape appeared first on Greater Kashmir.

The Pandit community is a part of the tumultuous history of Kashmir. Kashmir was an important center of Hinduism in the first millennium. However, over the years as the main land India which came under the influence of Mauryas and Kushanas, Buddhism started playing a key role including in the valley and Ladakh and thus eclipsed Hinduism in Kashmir till Islam took over.

All Kashmiri speaking Hindus are Brahmins. This is because the Hindu caste system of Varnas which divides society into four classes (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras) was influenced by Buddhism in the 3^rd century. That was the time when most of the non-Brahmin casts of Hindus embraced Buddhism because of its casteless appeal.

Kashmir had no major invasions in the early days and the Turks and Arabs found it more lucrative to invade other parts of India during the 8^th century.  Meanwhile in the ninth century, during the rule of the Karkota dynasty, a native tradition of Shavism emerged, became popular and widely acceptable. It flourished for seven centuries of the Hindu rule, continuing under the Utpala and the Lohara dynasties till the 14^th century. This was the time Islam gained wide acceptance and it came through Sufism of Bulbul Shah which led to Sultans coming in with Shah Mir becoming the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir and the Shah Mir dynasty ruled for the next five centuries. The status of Kashmiri Hindus became downgraded and they were subjected to all kinds of difficulties and their places of worship vandalised. They started leaving Kashmir, consumed poison or to save their lives accepted Islam as their religion. They, however, got a reprieve for 50 years during the rule of the 9^th Sultan Zain ul Abdin. He brought some of them back, gave them suitable jobs and took good care of them during his regimen till 1470 when things again took a turn for the worse.

Brahmins of Kashmir were a very literate community and they had a very trying time with the changing scenes after the 13^th century.  They would desist conversion to Islam and in order to divide responsibilities split into their 3 sub-castes. Guru’s (Priests), Jotish (Astrologers) and Karkuns (employees of the rulers). The majority for making a living became Karkuns because priests and astrologers were not in great demand in view of their diminishing population. They chose professions like doctors, lawyers, teachers, engineers and those who could not enter these professions opted to become clerks and accountants. This was also the time when many of them started seeking jobs in other parts of India because of their educational background. During the Sikh rule between 1819 to 1846, Kashmiris in general were not treated well and this period was also marred with famines and epidemics. Many Pandits as well as Muslims went to Panjab and were called Panjabi Kashmiris and did menial jobs for survival. Pandits in general received no favours from the rulers.  The Dogra rule which followed was a comfortable time for Pandits as they were a favoured section of the population of the valley during their rule (1846–1947).

However, after 1950 with the independence of India during Mr Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah’s regimen of the National conference, a large number of them left the valley. This was because Kashmiri Pandits were major land owners and the policy of the “land to the tiller” resulted in financial losses to them. Over a period of time their population percentage steadily declined from 6 – 7% during the period 1889 -1941 to around 5% in 1950-1960. However, the harmonious living of the two major communities Muslims and Pandits continued. This was the result of socio-cultural and historical ties that bind all Kashmiris regardless of religion. Both share many cultural practices, the language and the dietary and dressing habits. These commonalities and close association were not eroded by the historical mass conversion to Islam.

Kashmiri Pandits have been at the helm of bureaucracy of India with names like D P Dhar, S L Shakhdar, T N Kaul, P N Haksar, P N Dhar, R N Kao all working out in the highest circles during previous regimens.

Post 1990 status of Kashmiri Pandits in the Valley:

It has been a sad story as militancy erupted and there were targeted killings of some well-known and prominent Pandits. The atrocities on them resulted in a mortal scare. During this period the state apparatus also failed to control militancy and provide security to minority groups. A majority of Kashmiri Pandits who had been comfortable with Kashmir’s accession to the Indian Union could not identify with the azadi movement led by the masses who were challenging Indian sovereignty. It was in the backdrop of these circumstances that Pandit migration took place from the valley to Jammu and other parts of India. According to a number of reports approximately 100,000 to 140,000 of the total Kashmiri Pandit population left the valley during the 1990’s. Maharashtra Government of Bal Thakrey and the Punjab Government did help their children with reservation of seats for higher education after their forced migration out of the valley. Muslim population also got affected and numerically had more killings during this turmoil.

Even after three decades the question of Pandit migration is very much alive during the discourses on the history of the valley. The number of Kashmiri Pandits living permanently in the valley currently is very small and is not more than 4,000 to 5,000. Most of them these days are in Jammu, NCR with a sprinkling in other parts of the country. Those who are still living in the valley are reported on the terrorist threats from time to time with occasional random killings.  Situation has not changed significantly for them to even think of returning. Most of them have settled with jobs in other parts of the country and have sold off their properties and land and have left no roots there. However, the people who had migrated from the villages are still languishing in townships made for them by the authorities on the outskirts of Jammu city. They keep on lamenting about their past and the good old days.

Despite attempts by successive Governments to create jobs and accommodation for them things have really not worked out. Unfortunately, now this small community consisting of around 8 lakhs don’t have the numbers to have their representatives in either the State /UT assembly or the National Parliament. For this reason, they get only some lip service from the administrators yet their plight is exploited for getting votes in various parts of the country by all the political parties. It is a sad story for this small but a bright and highly educated community which has seen such difficult periods for no fault of theirs.

Prof Upendra Kaul, Founder Director Gauri Kaul Foundation

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In a small town in Japan, 72-year-old Hiroshi uses video conferencing apps to tutor English to local children. Meanwhile, 68-year-old Maria from Spain runs a flourishing online store selling handmade crafts, and Robert, a 75-year-old from the U.S., designs innovative mobility aids for seniors. These stories reflect a seismic shift reshaping the global economy—one fueled by the untapped potential of the ageing population.

By 2050, one in six people globally will be over 65. While this demographic shift is often perceived as a crisis straining healthcare and pension systems, it also offers unprecedented economic opportunities. The emergence of the silver economy—industries catering to the needs and aspirations of older adults—heralds a transformative era. This isn’t just about serving seniors; it’s about redefining what it means to age in a modern society.

The silver economy is not merely a niche market; it’s a global phenomenon. From healthcare innovations to age-friendly urban designs, the opportunities are vast and multifaceted. It’s time to shift the narrative from ageing as a burden to ageing as a driver of economic growth and societal progress.

The Global Shift: Ageing Populations as Catalysts for Growth

Ageing populations are increasing across the globe. Japan leads with 28% of its population over 65, while India is projected to have nearly 347 million people above 60 by 2050. Even traditionally younger regions like South Asia are seeing rises in life expectancy.

This demographic shift stems from two forces: declining birth rates and healthcare advancements. While challenges such as rising healthcare costs and strained pensions persist, the silver economy, estimated to reach $15 trillion by 2030 (Oxford Economics, 2023), provides a counterbalance. It spans industries such as healthcare, technology, housing, leisure, and entrepreneurship.

In Kashmir, I have observed how older community members remain vital contributors, especially in sectors like handicrafts and agriculture. This mirrors a broader global trend: age is no longer a barrier but a resource for innovation and growth.

The silver economy is not just about addressing the needs of older adults; it’s about leveraging their experience, skills, and purchasing power to drive economic growth. From Japan’s robotics industry to India’s digital literacy initiatives, the world is beginning to recognize the potential of this demographic.

Key Sectors Revolutionizing the Silver Economy

1. Healthcare and Technology

The intersection of healthcare and technology has revolutionized senior care. Telemedicine and wearable devices are improving accessibility and outcomes. For example, AI-driven diagnostics now enable early detection of chronic illnesses, particularly in remote areas like Kashmir’s mountainous regions.

In addition, smart devices tailored for seniors—like fall detection systems and medication reminders—have enhanced safety and independence, reducing the burden on caregivers. Companies like CarePredict and GrandPad are leading the charge, offering solutions that empower older adults to live independently while staying connected with their families.

2. Age-Friendly Urban Design

Cities worldwide are adopting age-friendly designs. From step-free housing to accessible public transport, urban planners are creating environments that promote autonomy and social engagement for older residents. Projects in Scandinavian countries, for instance, blend housing and community centers to foster intergenerational bonding.

In Singapore, the government has implemented a comprehensive plan to make the city-state age-friendly by 2030. This includes retrofitting public spaces, improving healthcare access, and promoting active ageing through community programs.

3. Lifelong Learning and Leisure

Education platforms like Coursera and edX cater specifically to seniors, enabling them to acquire new skills. Similarly, the rise of senior-friendly tourism—such as guided adventure trails in the Himalayas—reflects how older adults are redefining leisure.

4. Workforce and Entrepreneurship

In the U.S., nearly 25% of new entrepreneurs are over 55. These entrepreneurs leverage decades of experience to identify unique market gaps. In Kashmir, senior artisans are leading efforts to preserve traditional crafts while exploring digital avenues for global sales.

This reimagining of work demonstrates the untapped potential of older adults as drivers of economic growth and innovation. Companies like Silvernest, which matches older homeowners with roommates, are addressing housing challenges while fostering community.

Global Examples: Harnessing the Power of Age

Countries worldwide offer lessons in leveraging the silver economy:

• Japan: Robotics, such as caregiving robots, are alleviating the strain on healthcare workers while improving seniors’ quality of life.
• Denmark: Intergenerational housing projects encourage mutual support between young and older residents.
• India: Initiatives like the National Digital Literacy Mission are empowering seniors to adapt to new technologies.
• Singapore: Policies such as lifelong employment incentives and re-skilling programs have bolstered the participation of older adults in the workforce.

These examples highlight the diverse ways in which ageing populations can be transformed into economic assets.

Ethical Challenges and Societal Impacts

Despite its promise, the silver economy faces challenges. Economic disparities often prevent seniors in lower-income brackets from accessing its benefits. Digital illiteracy among older adults further exacerbates this divide, particularly in rural areas. Ethical concerns also arise: how do we balance technology with the human touch that caregiving requires?

Moreover, ageism remains a hurdle, with stereotypes about ageing limiting opportunities for older workers. Addressing these issues demands collective effort from governments, businesses, and civil society.

The Way Forward: A Call to Action

Building an inclusive silver economy requires a multi-pronged approach:

• Governments must invest in digital literacy programs tailored for seniors.
• Businesses should create age-inclusive workplaces and incentivize senior entrepreneurship.
• Communities must embrace intergenerational collaboration to foster mutual understanding and growth.

The silver economy offers a vision of ageing not as a crisis but as a chance to redefine human potential. Whether it’s through innovative startups, tailored healthcare solutions, or intergenerational learning, this transformation will shape the 21st century.

The Promise of a New Frontier

As the world grows older, it grows wiser. The silver economy is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of human societies. From healthcare innovations to entrepreneurial ventures, ageing populations are proving to be invaluable assets rather than liabilities.

The silver economy is not just about seniors; it’s about creating a world where everyone thrives, regardless of age. With the right investments and policies, we can turn this demographic shift into an era of shared prosperity, bridging generations and fostering a more compassionate, vibrant society.

New studies also reveal how empowering older adults contributes directly to global GDP. The active participation of seniors in diverse sectors adds resilience to economies facing workforce shortages. Encouraging this demographic shift will not only meet present challenges but also lay the groundwork for a sustainable, inclusive future.

Arhan Bagati is a distinguished Kashmiri Pandit and a prominent figure in social work and public policy, focusing on the development of Jammu & Kashmir. He has a notable academic background, with studies at Pomona College, the University of Cambridge, and currently at Harvard, pursuing a Master’s in Public Policy. Arhan’s leadership extends beyond academia, particularly through his role as the Awareness and Impact Ambassador for the Paralympic Committee of India, and as the founder of KYARI, which addresses critical issues in Kashmir, from education to sustainable development​.

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One of the most noteworthy achievements of 2024 was the successful conduct of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly elections in October. These elections were the first since the abrogation of Article 370 in August 2019. The elections marked an important step towards restoring democratic governance in J&K and were met with overwhelming participation from the public, with a voter turnout of approximately 64%. This high turnout reflected the people’s renewed faith in democracy and their desire to participate in shaping the region’s governance.

The elections were conducted peacefully, without any major incidents of violence due to the improved security situation in the region. The BJP secured 29 seats, from the region. The peaceful and transparent conduct of the elections drew praise from national and international observers, with foreign diplomats from 15 countries, including the United States and the European Union, witnessing the process for the first time. This milestone demonstrated India’s commitment to democratic principles and provided a platform for the people of J&K to voice their aspirations.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi Ji’s visits to Jammu and Kashmir in 2024 were instrumental in showcasing the government’s commitment to the region’s development. During his visit in June, the Prime Minister inaugurated several key infrastructure projects and laid the foundation for new ones, emphasizing connectivity, education, and healthcare.

One of the major highlights was the train link from Sangaldan to Banihal, and moreover the foundation of New terminal building of Jammu Airport laid by Prime Minister. The Delhi-Amritsar Katra Express Road significantly reduced travel time of the general public. The highest railway bridge was completed in 2024 in Jammu Division and the engineering marvel will not only improve accessibility but also gave a boost to tourism and trade in the region. The Zoji La Tunnel, connecting Ladakh with Kashmir, neared completion, further enhancing connectivity and strategic importance.

Prime Minister Modi also inaugurated state-of-the-art educational institutions, including new campuses of the Indian Institutes of Management (IIM) and the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). These institutions are providing world-class education and healthcare services to the people of J&K, creating human capital development and improving quality of life. During his visit, the Prime Minister participated in the International Day of Yoga celebrations in Srinagar, symbolizing the government’s focus on cultural integration and public health. His interactions with local stakeholders highlighted the government’s inclusive approach to governance and development.

The year 2024 witnessed unprecedented economic growth in Jammu and Kashmir, driven by targeted investments and policy initiatives. The Union Budget 2024-25 allocated significant funds for the region’s development, with a focus on tourism, agriculture, and industry. Major projects included Tourism Development. Twenty off-beat tourist destinations, including 10 each in Jammu and Kashmir divisions, were developed with improved infrastructure and basic amenities. Border tourism at Keran, near the Line of Control, received special attention, attracting both domestic and international tourists and boosting local economies. For Agricultural Modernization, the government introduced schemes to promote high- value crops such as saffron and apples, along with initiatives to support farmers with better irrigation facilities and access to markets. The creation of cold storage facilities ensured that agricultural produce could be preserved and transported efficiently. Pertinently, for the Industrial Growth, the establishment of new industrial estates and the introduction of investment-friendly policies attracted both domestic and foreign investors. Notable investments were made in renewable energy projects, including solar and hydroelectric power, to harness the region’s natural resources sustainably. More importantly, for the Digital Infrastructure, high-speed internet connectivity was extended to remote areas, bridging the digital divide and enabling access to e-governance services, online education, and telemedicine.

Improved security measures played a pivotal role in creating a conducive environment for development in Jammu and Kashmir. The year 2024 witnessed a significant decline in incidents of violence and militancy, with law enforcement agencies successfully neutralizing threats and restoring peace. Enhanced border security and community policing initiatives created a sense of safety among residents, encouraging participation in developmental activities.

The government’s outreach programs aimed at engaging youth and marginalized communities also yielded positive results. Skill development programs, scholarships, and sports initiatives provided opportunities for the younger generation, steering them away from negative influences and channeling their energies toward productive endeavors.

Jammu and Kashmir’s progress in 2024 garnered international attention, with foreign diplomats and delegations visiting the region to witness its transformation firsthand. The presence of international observers during the assembly elections is itself a commitment to transparency and inclusivity. These visits also opened avenues for collaboration in areas such as tourism, trade, and cultural exchange.

The region hosted several international events, including a G20 tourism working group meeting in Srinagar, which showcased J&K’s potential as a global tourist destination. The event highlighted the region’s natural beauty, rich heritage, and improved infrastructure, attracting interest from international stakeholders.

The government’s emphasis on social welfare led to significant improvements in healthcare, education, and community development. In Healthcare Infrastructure, new hospitals and primary healthcare centers were established across the region, providing accessible and affordable medical services. The launch of telemedicine initiatives further bridged the gap between rural and urban healthcare facilities. Year 2024 focus on Education for All resulted in the establishment of new schools and colleges, along with scholarships and training programs for students from underprivileged backgrounds. Special initiatives were launched to promote education for girls, ensuring gender equity in access to learning opportunities. The Empowerment of Women and Marginalized Communities through Self-help groups and skill development programs enabled women and marginalized communities to achieve economic independence and contribute to the region’s development. More importantly, the ST status for Pahari’s and others is a milestone that no other could do in past so many decades. Pahari Ethnic Group along with the Paddari Tribe, Koli and Gadda Brahmani.

The PRI and ULB reservation for OBC’s wherein 41 castes were included in OBC’s, women Reservation Bill in J&K is praiseworthy that empowered the women folk of the Jammu and Kashmir.

Pertinently, in the interest of the people of the UT, Jammu and Kashmir Local Bodies Laws (Amendment) Act, 2024 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on February 5, 2024. The bill amends the some laws that applied to the former state of Jammu and Kashmir viz, J&K Panchayati Raj Act, 1989, J&K Municipal Act, 2000, J&K Municipal Corporation Act, 2000. This extended reservations to Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in J&K Local Bodies Amending provisions related to State Election Commissioner in J&K.

While 2024 was a year of significant progress, Jammu and Kashmir continues to develop with sustained attention. With the beginning of 2025, a long awaited dream of rail connectivity with Kashmir-Delhi will become a reality in January 2025.

The year 2024 will be remembered as a transformative period for Jammu and Kashmir, marked by democratic resurgence, economic growth, and social development. The successful conduct of peaceful assembly elections, the completion of key infrastructure projects, and the government’s inclusive approach to governance have set the stage for a brighter 2025.

As Jammu and Kashmir moves forward, the focus must remain on addressing challenges, and leveraging the region’s unique strengths to achieve holistic development. The progress made in 2024 serves as a reminder to the resilience and aspirations of the people of J&K, who continue to work toward a future of peace, prosperity, and harmony.

Dr Shenaz Ganai is Ex-MLC Jammu and Kashmir. She is affiliated with Bharatiya Janata Party.

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